🔬 NCERT Syllabus Guide
CBSE Class 10 Science Master Guide
Comprehensive chapter-by-chapter revision notes, essential chemical reactions, physics formulas, and high-yield concepts curated for CBSE board exam success.
A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances (reactants) undergo transformation to produce new substances with different physical and chemical properties (products). Evidence of reactions includes change in state, color, evolution of gas, or temperature variation.
Key Reaction Types:
1. Combination: CaO(s) + H₂O(l) → Ca(OH)₂(aq) + Heat (Slaking of lime)
2. Decomposition: 2FeSO₄(s) --Δ--> Fe₂O₃(s) + SO₂(g) + SO₃(g)
3. Displacement: Fe(s) + CuSO₄(aq) → FeSO₄(aq) + Cu(s)
4. Double Displacement: Na₂SO₄(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) → BaSO₄(s)↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
5. Redox: CuO + H₂ --Δ--> Cu + H₂O (CuO is reduced, H₂ is oxidized)
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Acids produce H⁺ (or H₃O⁺) ions in aqueous solution and turn blue litmus red. Bases produce OH⁻ ions and turn red litmus blue. The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic), with 7 being neutral.
Key Chemical Compounds:
• Bleaching Powder: Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O
• Baking Soda: NaCl + H₂O + CO₂ + NH₃ → NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃
• Washing Soda: Na₂CO₃ + 10H₂O → Na₂CO₃·10H₂O
• Plaster of Paris: CaSO₄·½H₂O + 1½H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O (Gypsum)
Metals are electropositive elements with high ductility, malleability, and electrical conductivity. The reactivity series arranges metals in descending order of reactivity: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au. Extraction methods vary according to position: electrolytic reduction for high reactivity, roasting and calcination for moderate reactivity.
The essential physiological mechanisms maintaining living organisms: nutrition (autotrophic photosynthesis vs heterotrophic), respiration (aerobic yielding 38 ATP vs anaerobic yielding lactic acid or ethanol), internal circulation/transportation via human heart and xylem/phloem, and excretion via nephrons in kidneys.
Photosynthesis Equation:
6CO₂ + 12H₂O --[Chlorophyll & Sunlight]--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
Mastering geometric optics: laws of reflection, spherical mirror formulas, Snell's law of refraction, refractive index, lens formulas, and optical power.
Core Physics Formulas:
• Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u | Magnification m = -v/u = h'/h
• Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u | Magnification m = +v/u = h'/h
• Snell's Law: n = sin(i) / sin(r) = c / v
• Power of Lens: P = 1 / f(in meters) [Expressed in Dioptres, D]
Electric charge, potential difference, electric current, and resistance. Ohm's Law states that electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to voltage across the points, provided temperature remains constant.
Electrical Equations:
• Current: I = Q / t
• Ohm's Law: V = I × R
• Resistance: R = ρ(L / A)
• Resistors in Series: R_eq = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
• Resistors in Parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃
• Joule's Heating: H = I²Rt = VIt = (V²/R)t
• Electrical Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R